Class: Antineoplastic Agents
VA Class: AN900
Chemical Name: (1S,3S,7S,10R,11S,12S,16R) - 7,11 - dihydroxy - 8,8,10,12,16 - pentamethyl - 3 - [(1E) - 1 - methyl - 2 - (2 - methyl - 4 - thiazolyl)ethenyl] - 17 - oxa - 4 - azabicyclo[14.1.0] heptadecane-5,9-dione
Molecular Formula: C27H42N2O5S
CAS Number: 219989-84-1
Brands: Ixempra
Introduction
Antineoplastic agent; semisynthetic derivative of epothilone B; a microtubule inhibitor.1 2 3 5 6 7 9 10 11 13 15 17 18 19
Uses for Ixabepilone
Breast Cancer
Treatment of metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer in patients whose tumors are resistant or refractory to anthracyclines, taxanes, and capecitabine.1 2 5 7 11 13 17
Used in combination with oral capecitabine for treatment of metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer in patients whose disease is resistant to treatment with an anthracycline and a taxane or in patients whose cancer is taxane-resistant and for whom further anthracycline therapy is contraindicated.1 2 8 11 13 17
Under investigation for initial therapy of advanced breast cancer†.11 13
Ixabepilone Dosage and Administration
General
To minimize risk of hypersensitivity reactions, premedicate with diphenhydramine 50 mg orally (or a similar antihistamine) and an H2-receptor antagonist (e.g., ranitidine 150–300 mg orally) 1 hour before the infusion.1 2 (See Hypersensitivity Reactions under Cautions.)
In patients who experienced a prior hypersensitivity reaction to the drug, premedicate with corticosteroids (e.g., dexamethasone 20 mg either IV 30 minutes prior to infusion or orally 60 minutes prior to infusion) in addition to pretreatment with an antihistamine and an H2-receptor antagonist.1 2
Consult specialized references for procedures for proper handling and disposal of antineoplastics.1 14
Administration
IV Administration
Administer by IV infusion.1 2
Administer through an appropriate 0.2- to 1.2-mcm inline filter.1 2 Use only diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP)-free infusion containers and administration sets.1 2
Handle cautiously; use protective equipment (e.g., latex gloves) to minimize risk of dermal exposure.1
Prior to administration, reconstitute powder for injection and dilute.1
Reconstitution
Prior to reconstitution, remove kit from the refrigerator and allow to stand at room temperature for approximately 30 minutes.1 When first removed from the refrigerator, a white precipitate may be visible in diluent vial, but precipitate will dissolve to form a clear solution once the diluent warms to room temperature.1 2
Reconstitute powder for injection by slowly adding 8 or 23.5 mL of the supplied diluent to the vial labeled as containing 15 or 45 mg, respectively, to provide a solution containing 2 mg/mL.1 2 Gently swirl the vial and invert until the powder completely dissolves.1 Use only the diluent provided by the manufacturer for reconstitution.1
Following reconstitution, must be diluted further with an appropriate infusion solution as soon as possible; reconstituted solution may be stored in vial for ≤1 hour at room temperature and room light.1 2 c
Dilution
Withdraw the appropriate dose and dilute in appropriate volume of lactated Ringer’s injection, 0.9% sodium chloride injection (pH adjusted), or Plasma-Lyte A injection supplied in diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP)-free bags.c Usually, a 250-mL bag of infusion solution is sufficient; however, verify the final infusion concentration of each dose based on the volume of infusion solution used; final infusion concentration must be between 0.2–0.6 mg/mL.2 c Mix the infusion bag thoroughly by manual rotation.1
If 0.9% sodium chloride injection is used as infusion solution, must adjust pH to 6–9 by adding 2 mEq sodium bicarbonate injection (i.e., 2 mL of 8.4% w/v or 4 mL of 4.2% w/v solution) prior to adding reconstituted dose.c
Following dilution, solution is stable at room temperature and room light for ≤6 hours; complete administration of diluted ixabepilone must occur within this 6-hour period.1 2
Rate of Administration
Administer over 3 hours.1
Dosage
Adults
Breast Cancer
IV
40 mg/m2 every 3 weeks.1 2 7 17 18
Body surface area >2.2 m2: Calculate dosage based on 2.2 m2.1
Adjustments necessary when used in conjunction with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4.1 (See Interactions.)
Dosage Modification for Toxicity
Nonhematologic Adverse Effects
If moderate to severe neuropathy or any other severe nonhematologic toxicity occurs, withhold ixabepilone until the event improves to grade 1 or resolves.c Thereafter, resume therapy, as appropriate, at a reduced dosage depending on the severity of the event in the previous cycle.c (See Table 1.)
Dosage adjustments at the start of a course of therapy should be based on nonhematologic toxicity from previous cycle.1
NCIC Common Toxicity Criteria.1
Table 1. Recommended Dosage Modifications for Nonhematologic Toxicity with Ixabepilone Monotherapy or Combination Therapy
Nonhematologic Toxicity
|
Dosage Adjustment
|
|---|
Grade 2 neuropathy (moderate) lasting ≥7 days
|
Decrease dosage by 20%; if toxicity recurs, reduce dosage an additional 20%
|
Grade 3 neuropathy (severe) lasting <7 days
|
Decrease dosage by 20%; if toxicity recurs, reduce dosage an additional 20%
|
Grade 3 neuropathy (severe) lasting ≥7 days or disabling neuropathy
|
Discontinue therapy
|
Any grade 3 toxicity (severe) other than neuropathy
|
Decrease dosage by 20%; if toxicity recurs, reduce dosage an additional 20%
|
Transient grade 3 arthralgia/myalgia or fatigue
|
No change in ixabepilone dosage
|
Any grade 4 toxicity (disabling)
|
Discontinue therapy
|
Adverse Hematologic Effects
If severe neutropenia and/or thrombocytopenia occurs, withhold ixabepilone until ANC ≥1500/mm3 and platelets ≥100,000/mm3.c Thereafter, resume therapy, as appropriate, at a reduced dosage.c (See Table 2.)
Dosage adjustments at the start of a course of therapy should be based on blood cell counts from previous cycle.1
Table 2. Recommended Dosage Modifications for Hematologic Toxicity with Ixabepilone Monotherapy or Combination Therapy
Hematologic Measurements
|
Dosage Adjustment
|
Comments
|
|---|
ANC <500/mm3 for ≥7 days
|
Decrease dosage by 20%; if toxicity recurs, reduce dosage an additional 20%c
|
When used in combination with capecitabine, withhold capecitabine if concurrent diarrhea or stomatitis until ANC >1000/mm3c
|
Febrile neutropenia
|
Decrease dosage by 20%; if toxicity recurs, reduce dosage an additional 20%c
|
When used in combination with capecitabine, withhold capecitabine if concurrent diarrhea or stomatitis until ANC >1000/mm3c
|
Platelets <25,000/mm3
|
Decrease dosage by 20%; if toxicity recurs, reduce dosage an additional 20%c
|
When used in combination with capecitabine, withhold capecitabine if concurrent diarrhea or stomatitis until platelet count >50,000/mm3c
|
Platelets <50,000/mm3 with bleeding
|
Decrease dosage by 20%; if toxicity recurs, reduce dosage an additional 20%c
|
When used in combination with capecitabine, withhold capecitabine if concurrent diarrhea or stomatitis until platelet count >50,000/mm3c
|
Special Populations
Hepatic Impairment
Prior to initiation and periodically thereafter assess hepatic function; dosage adjustment recommended based on hepatic function.1 (See Table 3.)
Breast Cancer
Monotherapy
Use not recommended in patients with AST and ALT >10 times ULN and bilirubin >3 times ULN.c Use with caution in patients with AST and ALT >5 times ULN.c
Adjust dosage based on degree of hepatic impairment (i.e., transaminase and bilirubin concentrations).c (See Table 3.)
Excludes patients whose total bilirubin is elevated due to Gilbert’s disease.1
Dosage recommendations are for first course of therapy; further dosage decreases in subsequent courses should be made based on individual tolerance.1
Table 3. Dosage Adjustments for Ixabepilone Monotherapy in Patients with Hepatic Impairment120
Severity
|
Transaminase Concentrations
|
Bilirubin Concentrations
|
Dosage
|
|---|
Mild
|
AST and ALT ≤2.5 times ULN
|
≤1 times ULN
|
40 mg/m2 every 3 weeks
|
|
AST and ALT ≤10 times ULN
|
≤1.5 times ULN
|
32 mg/m2 every 3 weeks
|
Moderate
|
AST and ALT ≤10 times ULN
|
>1.5 times ULN to ≤3 times ULN
|
Initially, 20 mg/m2 every 3 weeks; subsequently, dosage may be increased to a maximum 30 mg/m2, if toleratedc
|
Combination Therapy with Capecitabine
Contraindicated in patients with serum AST or ALT >2.5 times ULN or serum bilirubin >1 times ULN.c
Patients with AST and ALT ≤2.5 times ULN and bilirubin ≤1 times ULN: 40 mg/m2.1
Renal Impairment
No specific dosage recommendations for patients with renal impairment.1 2
Cautions for Ixabepilone
Contraindications
History of severe (grade 3 or 4) hypersensitivity reaction to agents containing polyoxyl 35 castor oil (Cremophor EL, polyoxyethylated castor oil).1 2
Neutrophil count <1500/mm3 or platelet count <100,000/mm3.1
Use in combination with capecitabine contraindicated in patients with serum AST or ALT >2.5 times ULN or serum bilirubin elevated above ULN (i.e., >1 times ULN).1 7
Warnings/Precautions
Warnings
Peripheral Neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy occurs commonly; usually develops early during treatment (e.g., during the first 3 cycles).1 3 16 17
Monitor patients for symptoms of neuropathy (e.g., burning sensation, hyperesthesia, hypoesthesia, paresthesia, discomfort, neuropathic pain).1 Dosage reduction or delay in therapy may be required in patients experiencing new or worsening symptoms.1 (See Dosage Modification for Toxicity under Dosage and Administration.)
Increased risk of severe neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus or preexisting peripheral neuropathy; use with caution.1 c
Hematologic Effects
Risk of dose-limiting, potentially fatal myelosuppression, manifested primarily as neutropenia.1 Leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia also reported.1 2 3 13 17
Monitor peripheral blood cell counts frequently during therapy.1
Dosage reduction recommended in patients experiencing severe neutropenia or thrombocytopenia.1 (See Dosage Modification for Toxicity under Dosage and Administration.)
Contraindicated in patients with a neutrophil count <1500/mm3 or platelet count <100,000/mm3.1 (See Contraindications.)
Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality
May cause fetal harm.1 Avoid pregnancy during therapy.1 If used during pregnancy or if patient becomes pregnant, apprise of potential fetal hazard.1
Cardiovascular Effects
Increased risk of adverse cardiac reactions (myocardial ischemia, ventricular dysfunction, supraventricular arrhythmias) in combination with capecitabine.1 c
Use with caution in patients with a history of cardiac disease.1 Consider discontinuance of therapy in patients who develop cardiac ischemia or impaired cardiac function.1
CNS Effects
Diluent in the commercially available Ixempra kit contains dehydrated alcohol; consider possibility of adverse CNS effects (e.g., cognitive impairment and other effects of alcohol).1 (See Advice to Patients.)
Sensitivity Reactions
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, reported. c
Premedicate patients with an antihistamine and an H2-receptor antagonist approximately 1 hour before beginning the infusion; observe for hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., flushing, rash, dyspnea, bronchospasm).1 2 17
If severe hypersensitivity reaction occurs, discontinue immediately and institute aggressive supportive treatment (e.g., epinephrine, corticosteroids).1 Premedicate patients who experienced a hypersensitivity reaction during a previous cycle with a corticosteroid (in addition to an antihistamine and an H2-receptor antagonist) and consider increasing infusion time.1
Contraindicated in patients with a history of severe hypersensitivity reaction to agents containing polyoxyl 35 castor oil (Cremophor EL, polyoxyethylated castor oil), such as paclitaxel.1 2 (See Contraindications.)
Other Warnings/Precautions
Adequate Patient Evaluation and Monitoring
Evaluate patients during therapy by periodic clinical observation and laboratory tests, including CBCs and hepatic function.1 Patients must have recovered from acute toxicities (e.g., neutrophils >1500/mm3, platelets >100,000/mm3, nonhematologic toxicities improved to grade 1) before each cycle.c (See Dosage Modification for Toxicity under Dosage and Administration.)
Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Category D.1 (See Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality under Cautions.)
Lactation
Distributed into milk in rats; not known whether distributed into human milk.c Discontinue nursing or the drug.1 b
Pediatric Use
Safety and efficacy not established in pediatric patients <18 years of age.1 20
Geriatric Use
Insufficient experience in patients ≥65 years of age to determine whether they respond differently than younger adults.1
In combination with capecitabine, increased incidence of grade 3 or 4 adverse reactions in patients ≥65 years of age compared with younger adults.c When used as monotherapy, no overall differences in safety observed in patients ≥65 years of age compared with younger adults.1
Hepatic Impairment
Increased risk of serious toxicity in patients with baseline AST or ALT >2.5 times ULN or bilirubin >1.5 times ULN.1 9 Monitor hepatic function prior to initiation of therapy and periodically thereafter.c
Use in combination with capecitabine contraindicated in patients with serum AST or ALT >2.5 times ULN or serum bilirubin >1 times ULN.1 7
Use as monotherapy in patients with AST or ALT >10 times ULN or bilirubin >3 times ULN not recommended.1 Limited data available for patients with AST or ALT >5 times ULN; use with caution in these patients.1
Dosage reduction recommended if used as monotherapy in patients with hepatic impairment.1 (See Special Populations under Dosage and Administration.)
Renal Impairment
Pharmacokinetics not evaluated; however, when used as monotherapy, impact of mild to moderate renal impairment (Clcr >30 mL/min) should be minimal.c
Common Adverse Effects
Ixabepilone monotherapy: Peripheral sensory neuropathy, myelosuppression, fatigue/asthenia, myalgia/arthralgia, alopecia, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis/mucositis, diarrhea, musculoskeletal pain.1 2 5 13 15 17
Ixabepilone in combination with capecitabine: Peripheral sensory neuropathy, myelosuppression, fatigue/asthenia, myalgia/arthralgia, alopecia, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis/mucositis, diarrhea, musculoskeletal pain, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (hand-foot syndrome), anorexia, abdominal pain, nail disorder, constipation.1 3 13
Interactions for Ixabepilone
Metabolized principally by CYP3A4.1 Pharmacokinetic interactions with inhibitors or inducers of CYP3A4 are likely.1 c
Does not inhibit CYP isoenzymes 3A4, 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, or 2D6; does not induce CYP isoenzymes 3A4, 1A2, 2B6, or 2C9.1 c Pharmacokinetic interactions with drugs metabolized by these isoenzymes unlikely.9 17 c
Substrates of CYP isoenzymes: Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely when used in combination with substrates of these isoenzymes.1 9 17
Drugs Affecting Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes
Inhibitors of CYP3A4: Potential pharmacokinetic interaction (increased plasma ixabepilone concentrations).1 Avoid concomitant use with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors;1 if concomitant therapy is necessary, monitor closely for toxicity and reduce ixabepilone dosage.1 2 (See Specific Drugs and Foods under Interactions.)
Inducers of CYP3A4: Potential pharmacokinetic interaction (decreased plasma ixabepilone concentrations);1 17 if concomitant therapy necessary, consider alternative drugs with less enzyme induction potential.1 (See Specific Drugs and Foods under Interactions.)
Specific Drugs and Foods
Drug or Food
|
Interaction
|
Comments
|
|---|
Anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin)
|
Decreased plasma ixabepilone concentrations1
|
Potential for subtherapeutic ixabepilone concentrations; consider alternative drugs with low enzyme induction potential1
|
Antifungals, azoles (fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole)
|
Increased plasma ixabepilone concentrations1 7 12 13
|
Avoid concomitant use with itraconazole, ketoconazole, and voriconazole; if concomitant use is necessary, monitor closely for toxicity and reduce ixabepilone dosage to 20 mg/m2;1 2 if azole antifungal is discontinued, allow 1 week to elapse before increasing ixabepilone dosage to 40 mg/m21 2
Fluconazole: Effects from concomitant use not studied; 1 use concomitantly with caution; consider alternative agents and monitor closely for toxicity (e.g., peripheral blood counts between cycles)1
|
Antimycobacterials (rifampin, rifabutin)
|
Decreased plasma ixabepilone concentrations1
|
Potential subtherapeutic ixabepilone concentrations; consider alternative drugs with low enzyme induction potential1
|
Capecitabine
|
Decreased plasma ixabepilone and capecitabine concentrations1
|
Interaction unlikely to be clinically important; effectiveness of combination therapy demonstrated in clinical trials1 3 7 11
|
Delavirdine
|
Increased plasma ixabepilone concentrations1 7 12 13
|
Avoid concomitant use; 1 7 12 13 if concomitant use is necessary, monitor closely for toxicity and reduce ixabepilone dosage to 20 mg/m2;1 2 if delavirdine is discontinued, allow 1 week to elapse before increasing ixabepilone dosage to 40 mg/m21 2
|
Dexamethasone
|
Decreased plasma ixabepilone concentrations1
|
Potential subtherapeutic ixabepilone concentrations; consider alternative drugs with low enzyme induction potential1
|
Grapefruit
|
Increased plasma ixabepilone concentrations1 2
|
Avoid concomitant use of grapefruit juice1
|
HIV protease inhibitors (e.g., atazanavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir)
|
Increased plasma ixabepilone concentrations1 7 12 13
|
Avoid concomitant use;1 7 12 13 if concomitant use is necessary, monitor closely for toxicity and reduce ixabepilone dosage to 20 mg/m2;1 2 if HIV protease inhibitor is discontinued, allow 1 week to elaspe before increasing ixabepilone dosage to 40 mg/m21 2
|
Macrolides (e.g., clarithromycin, erythromycin, telithromycin)
|
Increased plasma ixabepilone concentrations1 7 12 13
|
Avoid concomitant use with clarithromycin and telithromycin; 1 7 12 13 if concomitant use is necessary, monitor closely for toxicity and reduce ixabepilone dosage to 20 mg/m2;1 2 if macrolide is discontinued, allow 1 week to elapse before increasing ixabepilone dosage to 40 mg/m21 2
Erythromycin: Effects from concomitant use not studied; 1 use concomitantly with caution; consider alternative agents and monitor closely for acute toxicity (e.g., peripheral blood counts between cycles)1
|
Nefazodone
|
Increased plasma ixabepilone concentrations1 7 12 13
|
Avoid concomitant use; 1 7 12 13 if concomitant use is necessary, monitor closely for toxicity and reduce ixabepilone dosage to 20 mg/m2;1 2 if nefazodone is discontinued, allow 1 week to elapse before increasing ixabepilone dosage to 40 mg/m21 2
|
St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)
|
Possible unpredictable decreased plasma ixabepilone concentrations1
|
Avoid concomitant use1
|
Verapamil
|
Possible increased plasma ixabepilone concentrations1
|
Effects from concomitant use not studied; use concomitantly with caution; consider alternative agents and monitor closely for acute toxicity (e.g., peripheral blood counts between cycles)1
|
Ixabepilone Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Bioavailability
Peak concentrations usually attained at end of 3-hour infusion.1
Distribution
Extent
Not known if ixabepilone is distributed into human milk.1
Plasma Protein Binding
67–77%.c
Elimination
Metabolism
Extensively metabolized in the liver, principally by oxidative metabolism via CYP3A4.1 2 13 17
Elimination Route
86% of an IV dose is excreted in feces (65%) and urine (21%) primarily as metabolites;1 9 17 unchanged drug accounted for <2 and 6% of the dose in feces and urine, respectively.1 2 9
Half-life
Approximately 52 hours (range: 20–72 hours).1 2 11 13 17
No accumulation in plasma expected when administered once every 3 weeks.1 2
Special Populations
Gender, race, and age do not have meaningful effects on pharmacokinetics of ixabepilone.1
Stability
Storage
Parenteral
Powder for Injection
2–8° C in original package; protect from light.1
ActionsActions
A microtubule inhibitor; binds to β-tubulin subunits on microtubules; stabilizes and suppresses microtubule activity resulting in mitotic arrest and apoptosis.1 13 15 17 18 19
Active in xenografts resistant to multiple antineoplastic agents, including taxanes, anthracyclines, and vinca alkaloids.1 13 19
Synergistic antitumor activity demonstrated in combination with capecitabine in vivo.1
Has antiangiogenic activity.1
Advice to Patients
Importance of reading patient information provided by the manufacturer.1 b
Importance of patients notifying clinicians if they develop any numbness, tingling, or burning of the hands or feet.1 2 b
Importance of patients notifying clinicians if they develop a fever of ≥38°C or other signs and symptoms of potential infection (e.g., chills, cough, burning or pain upon urination).1 2 b
Importance of patients notifying clinicians if they experience urticaria, pruritus, rash, flushing, swelling, dyspnea, chest tightness, and/or other hypersensitivity-related symptoms following IV infusion of ixabepilone.1 b
Importance of patients notifying clinicians if they notice chest pain, difficulty breathing, palpitations, or unusual weight gain.1 b
Importance of patients informing clinicians if they are allergic to a drug such as paclitaxel that contains polyoxyl 35 castor oil (Cremophor EL, polyethoxylated castor oil).1 2 b
Importance of not drinking grapefruit juice while receiving ixabepilone therapy.1 2 b
Importance of informing patients that Ixempra contains alcohol and may cause drowsiness or dizziness.1 b Importance of avoiding certain activities (e.g., operating machinery, driving a motor vehicle) if patient feels drowsy or dizzy.b
Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs and dietary (e.g., grapefruit) or herbal supplements (e.g., St. John’s wort), as well as any concomitant illnesses (e.g., diabetes mellitus, liver disease).1 2 b
Importance of women informing clinicians if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed; necessity for clinicians to advise women to avoid pregnancy during therapy and advise pregnant women of risk to the fetus.1 b
Importance of informing patients of other important precautionary information.1 b (See Cautions.)
Preparations
Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.
Ixabepilone
Routes
|
Dosage Forms
|
Strengths
|
Brand Names
|
Manufacturer
|
|---|
Parenteral
|
For injection, for IV infusion only
|
15 mg
|
Ixempra
|
Bristol-Myers Squibb
|
|
|
45 mg
|
Ixempra
|
Bristol-Myers Squibb
|
Disclaimer
This report on medications is for your information only, and is not considered individual patient advice. Because of the changing nature of drug information, please consult your physician or pharmacist about specific clinical use.
The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com represent that the information provided hereunder was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com make no representations or warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, any implied warranty of merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to such information and specifically disclaims all such warranties. Users are advised that decisions regarding drug therapy are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and the information is provided for informational purposes only. The entire monograph for a drug should be reviewed for a thorough understanding of the drug's actions, uses and side effects. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com do not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information is not a substitute for medical care.
AHFS Drug Information. © Copyright, 1959-2011, Selected Revisions May 2010. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
† Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.
References
1. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. Ixempra (ixabepilone) Kit for injection prescribing information. Princeton, NJ; 2007 Oct.
2. Bhushan S, Walko CM. Ixabepilone: a new antimitotic for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Ann Pharmacother. 2008; 42:1252-61. [PubMed 18648018]
3. Thomas ES, Gomez HL, Li RK et al. Ixabepilone plus capecitabine for metastatic breast cancer progressing after anthracycline and taxane treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2007; 25:5210-7. [PubMed 17968020]
4. Thomas ES. Ixabepilone plus capecitabine for metastatic breast cancer progressing after anthracycline and taxane treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26:2223. [PubMed 18445853]
5. Perez EA, Lerzo G, Pivot X et al. Efficacy and safety of ixabepilone (BMS-247550) in a phase II study of patients with advanced breast cancer resistant to an anthracycline, a taxane, and capecitabine. J Clin Oncol. 2007; 25:3407-14. [PubMed 17606974]
6. Thomas E, Tabernero J, Fornier M et al. Phase II clinical trial of ixabepilone (BMS-247550), an epothilone B analog, in patients with taxane-resistant metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007; 25:3399-406. [PubMed 17606975]
7. Moulder SL. Ixabepilone for the treatment of taxane-refractory breast cancer. Future Oncol. 2008; 4:333-40. [PubMed 18518758]
8. Lechleider RJ, Kaminskas E, Jiang X et al. Ixabepilone in combination with capecitabine and as monotherapy for treatment of advanced breast cancer refractory to previous chemotherapies. Clin Cancer Res. 2008; 14:4378-84. [PubMed 18628451]
9. Higa GM, Abraham J. Ixabepilone: a new microtubule-targeting agent for breast cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2008; 8:671-81. [PubMed 18471040]
10. Pivot X, Villanueva C, Chaigneau L et al. Ixabepilone, a novel epothilone analog in the treatment of breast cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008; 17:593-9. [PubMed 18363523]
11. Denduluri N, Swain SM. Ixabepilone for the treatment of solid tumors: a review of clinical data. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008; 17:423-35. [PubMed 18321240]
12. Goel S, Cohen M, Cömezoglu SN et al. The effect of ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ixabepilone: a first in class epothilone B analogue in late-phase clinical development. Clin Cancer Res. 2008; 25:2701-9.
13. Trivedi M, Budihardjo I, Loureiro K et al. Epothilones: a novel class of microtubule-stabilizing drugs for the treatment of cancer. Future Oncol. 2008; 4:483-500. [PubMed 18684060]
14. Institute for Safe Medication Practices. ISMP’s list of high-alert medications. Horsham, PA; 2008. From ISMP website (). Accessed 2008 Sep 23.
15. Swain SM, Arezzo JC. Neuropathy associated with microtubule inhibitors: diagnosis, incidence, and management. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2008; 6:455-67. [PubMed 18567992]
16. Lee JJ, Low JA, Croarkin E et al. Changes in neurologic function tests may predict neurotoxicity caused by ixabepilone. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2006; 24:2084-91.
17. Anon. Ixabepilone (Ixempra) for breast cancer. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2008; 50:7-8. [PubMed 18219261]
18. Goodin S. Novel cytotoxic agents: epothilones. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2008; 65 (Suppl 3):S10-5.
19. Pronzato P. New therapeutic options for chemotherapy-resistant metastatic breast cancer: the epothilones. Drugs. 2008; 68:139-46. [PubMed 18197722]
20. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. Princeton, NJ: Personal communication.
a. AHFS drug information 2009. McEvoy GK, ed. Ixabepilone. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2009: 1136–9.
b. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. Ixempra (ixabepilone) Kit for injection patient information. Princeton, NJ; 2007 Oct.
c. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. Ixempra (ixabepilone) Kit for injection prescribing information. Princeton, NJ; 2009 Mayt.
More Ixabepilone resources
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